Gregor Mendel determined that the offspring in crosses between plants with two heterozygous traits resulted in a 9:3:3:1 ratio, as shown in the table. The largest number of offspring expressed both dominant traits, while the fewest number of offspring expressed both recessive traits. Mendel concluded that different traits are inherited independently from each other.
William Bateson and his colleagues designed a similar experiment using heterozygous pea plants. Bateson crossed plants that were heterozygous for flower color and pollen shape. These experiments resulted in numbers of offspring that did not match Mendel's 9:3:3:1 ratio. The number and appearance of the offspring are shown in the table. Bateson concluded that some traits are not inherited independently.
How do the results of Bateson's experiment affect the interpretation of Mendel's experimental results?
- A. Bateson's experimental results show that Mendel's conclusions were incorrect.
- B. Bateson's experimental results show that Mendel's conclusions were incomplete.
- C. Bateson's experiments resulted in different ratios of traits in the offspring, confirming Mendel's conclusion.
- D. Bateson's experiments studied different traits than Mendel's so Bateson's results could not challenge or support Mendel's conclusions.
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: B
Bateson's experimental results highlight that Mendel's conclusions, while groundbreaking, did not encompass all genetic variations and interactions. Mendel's work focused primarily on simple traits, but Bateson demonstrated that there are complexities in inheritance that Mendel did not address, indicating that his findings were incomplete. Option A is incorrect as Bateson did not disprove Mendel but rather expanded on his work. Option C misinterprets Bateson's findings; while they may align with Mendel's, they also reveal additional complexities rather than merely confirming his conclusions. Option D is misleading; although Bateson studied different traits, the implications of his findings still relate to Mendel’s conclusions, thereby challenging and enriching our understanding of genetics.
Bateson's experimental results highlight that Mendel's conclusions, while groundbreaking, did not encompass all genetic variations and interactions. Mendel's work focused primarily on simple traits, but Bateson demonstrated that there are complexities in inheritance that Mendel did not address, indicating that his findings were incomplete. Option A is incorrect as Bateson did not disprove Mendel but rather expanded on his work. Option C misinterprets Bateson's findings; while they may align with Mendel's, they also reveal additional complexities rather than merely confirming his conclusions. Option D is misleading; although Bateson studied different traits, the implications of his findings still relate to Mendel’s conclusions, thereby challenging and enriching our understanding of genetics.
Other Related Questions
Which statement describes a weakness of the investigation in the passage?
- A. None of the hypotheses are directly related to the ice core data.
- B. The Greenland ice sheet is far away from the site of the explosion in Russia.
- C. Several of the hypotheses rely on unproven processes or estimated values.
- D. A few micrograms of ammonia is insufficient evidence for a conclusion.
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
Option C highlights a significant weakness, as relying on unproven processes or estimated values can lead to unreliable conclusions, undermining the investigation's credibility. Option A is incorrect because hypotheses can be related to data in broader contexts, even if not directly. Option B misrepresents the geographical relevance; distance alone does not invalidate the connection between the ice core data and the explosion. Option D, while suggesting a concern about evidence quantity, does not address the fundamental issue of reliance on unproven processes that can skew the investigation's outcomes.
Option C highlights a significant weakness, as relying on unproven processes or estimated values can lead to unreliable conclusions, undermining the investigation's credibility. Option A is incorrect because hypotheses can be related to data in broader contexts, even if not directly. Option B misrepresents the geographical relevance; distance alone does not invalidate the connection between the ice core data and the explosion. Option D, while suggesting a concern about evidence quantity, does not address the fundamental issue of reliance on unproven processes that can skew the investigation's outcomes.
The Punnett square below shows a cross between a male long-haired cat with white fur and a female short-haired cat with colored fur... what is the most likely number of long-haired kittens with colored fur?
- A. 10
- B. 20
- C. 30
- D. 60
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
In a Punnett square, the genetic traits of the parents are combined to predict offspring traits. Long hair (L) is dominant over short hair (l), and colored fur (C) is dominant over white fur (c). The male cat is homozygous for long hair and white fur (LLcc), while the female is homozygous for short hair and colored fur (llCC). The resulting genotype for the kittens will be LlCc, indicating they will all have long hair and colored fur. Option A (10) reflects the expected number of long-haired, colored kittens based on the given parental genotypes. Options B (20), C (30), and D (60) suggest higher numbers that do not align with the predicted offspring ratio from the cross, thus they are incorrect.
In a Punnett square, the genetic traits of the parents are combined to predict offspring traits. Long hair (L) is dominant over short hair (l), and colored fur (C) is dominant over white fur (c). The male cat is homozygous for long hair and white fur (LLcc), while the female is homozygous for short hair and colored fur (llCC). The resulting genotype for the kittens will be LlCc, indicating they will all have long hair and colored fur. Option A (10) reflects the expected number of long-haired, colored kittens based on the given parental genotypes. Options B (20), C (30), and D (60) suggest higher numbers that do not align with the predicted offspring ratio from the cross, thus they are incorrect.
The equation for photosynthesis is often written as shown below. Based on this equation, what does the triangle symbol represent?
- A. oxygen
- B. chloroplast
- C. heat
- D. light
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: D
In the equation for photosynthesis, the triangle symbol represents light, which is essential for the process to occur. Plants capture light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Option A, oxygen, is a product of photosynthesis but not represented by the triangle. Option B, chloroplast, is the organelle where photosynthesis takes place, but it is not indicated by the triangle symbol. Option C, heat, is not a direct component of the photosynthesis equation, as it does not play a role in the conversion process. Thus, light is the critical factor denoted by the triangle.
In the equation for photosynthesis, the triangle symbol represents light, which is essential for the process to occur. Plants capture light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Option A, oxygen, is a product of photosynthesis but not represented by the triangle. Option B, chloroplast, is the organelle where photosynthesis takes place, but it is not indicated by the triangle symbol. Option C, heat, is not a direct component of the photosynthesis equation, as it does not play a role in the conversion process. Thus, light is the critical factor denoted by the triangle.
Based on the table, use the drop-down menus to make the following statement correct. _ experiences the least warming effect from CO2 because it has the _ of CO2 in its atmosphere.
- A. smallest amount
- B. largest amount
- C. Mars
- D. Planet L
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A,C
The statement highlights that Mars experiences the least warming effect from CO2 due to its atmospheric composition. Mars has a small amount of CO2 compared to other planets, which limits its greenhouse effect and consequently its warming. Option B, "largest amount," is incorrect as it contradicts the premise that a larger CO2 presence would lead to more warming. Option D, "Planet L," is not a recognized celestial body in this context and does not provide relevant information regarding CO2 levels. Thus, the combination of Mars with the smallest amount of CO2 accurately reflects the relationship between atmospheric composition and warming effects.
The statement highlights that Mars experiences the least warming effect from CO2 due to its atmospheric composition. Mars has a small amount of CO2 compared to other planets, which limits its greenhouse effect and consequently its warming. Option B, "largest amount," is incorrect as it contradicts the premise that a larger CO2 presence would lead to more warming. Option D, "Planet L," is not a recognized celestial body in this context and does not provide relevant information regarding CO2 levels. Thus, the combination of Mars with the smallest amount of CO2 accurately reflects the relationship between atmospheric composition and warming effects.