Read the following early draft of an essay and then choose the best answer to the question or the best completion of the statement
Passage
(1) Calling someone a rat may be complimentary. (2) In one experiment, University of Chicago neuroscientist Peggy Mason placed 30 pairs of rats in pens. (3) One rat was caged in the middle of the pen, while the other was free to run around. (4) Eventually, 23 of 30 rats liberated their peers by pushing the cage door open with their heads or leaning against the door until it tipped over.
(5) In another experiment, Mason gave rats access to two cages: in one cage was another rat, in the other was a pile of chocolate chips. (6) The rats eating the chocolate themselves. (7) Instead, most of the rodents opened both cages and shared the sweets. (8) "In rat land, that is big," Mason says, claiming that this study is the first to show altruistic behavior in rodents.
(9) Not all scientists agree with the conclusion Mason drew from the experiment, however. (10) The jailbreaking rats might have only been trying to silence their cohorts' distressing alarm calls. (11) Mason counters that the alarm calls from the caged rats were not frequent enough to motivate their peers, but both parties are speculating at this point.
(12) Mason's new study is one of many that are changing how scientists think about empathy and altruism, namely: that such characteristics are not limited to people, as they once thought. (13) It now seems that many animals have evolved instincts to help others.
Where would the following sentence best fit in the passage? The results of two new experiments suggest that rats are surprisingly selfless.
- A. After sentence 1
- B. After sentence 3
- C. After sentence 8
- D. After sentence 11
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
Placing the sentence after sentence 8 effectively introduces the new findings about rats, enhancing the flow of information regarding their behavior. This position allows for a natural transition into discussing the implications of these experiments. Option A is too early in the passage, as it lacks context for the experiments. Option B, following sentence 3, interrupts the narrative progression and does not align with the preceding content. Option D, after sentence 11, is too late, as it would disrupt the conclusion by introducing new information that should precede it. Thus, option C is the most logical placement.
Placing the sentence after sentence 8 effectively introduces the new findings about rats, enhancing the flow of information regarding their behavior. This position allows for a natural transition into discussing the implications of these experiments. Option A is too early in the passage, as it lacks context for the experiments. Option B, following sentence 3, interrupts the narrative progression and does not align with the preceding content. Option D, after sentence 11, is too late, as it would disrupt the conclusion by introducing new information that should precede it. Thus, option C is the most logical placement.
Other Related Questions
In context, which of the following is the best version of the underlined portion of sentence 3 (reproduced below)? Dark shadows: streaks of bright light, and, off-balance compositions were all typical of the visual style.
- A. (as it is now)
- B. shadows, streaks of bright light and
- C. shadows, streaks of bright light, and
- D. shadows, streaks of bright light, and,
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
Option C effectively maintains the parallel structure of the list, ensuring clarity and flow. The use of commas before "and" is appropriate in a series with three or more items, adhering to standard punctuation rules. Option A retains the original structure but lacks clarity due to the unnecessary comma after "light." Option B omits the comma before "and," which can lead to confusion in longer lists, making it less clear. Option D incorrectly adds a comma after "and," which is grammatically incorrect and disrupts the flow of the sentence. Thus, C is the most effective choice for clarity and correctness.
Option C effectively maintains the parallel structure of the list, ensuring clarity and flow. The use of commas before "and" is appropriate in a series with three or more items, adhering to standard punctuation rules. Option A retains the original structure but lacks clarity due to the unnecessary comma after "light." Option B omits the comma before "and," which can lead to confusion in longer lists, making it less clear. Option D incorrectly adds a comma after "and," which is grammatically incorrect and disrupts the flow of the sentence. Thus, C is the most effective choice for clarity and correctness.
Which is the best way to combine sentences 6 and 7 (reproduced below)?
The poet expressed reluctance to proceed in this manner. It was not customary for him to write a commissioned poem for a certain occasion
- A. The poet expressed reluctance to proceed in this manner, and the reason for that was because it was not customary for hien to write a commissioned poem for a certain occasion.
- B. The post expressed reluctance to proceed in this manner because it was not customary for him to write a commissioned poem for a certain occasion.
- C. Because the poet,expressed reluctance to proceed in this manner, it was not customary for him to write a commissioned poem for a certain occasion
- D. The poet expressed reluctance, because it was not customary for him to write a commissioned poem for a
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
Option A effectively combines the two sentences by clearly linking the poet's reluctance to the reason behind it, maintaining coherence and clarity. The phrase "the reason for that was because" emphasizes the connection between the two ideas. Option B, while concise, lacks the explicit connection that option A provides, making it less effective in conveying the relationship between the reluctance and the custom. Option C incorrectly begins with "Because," which disrupts the sentence structure and implies causation in a way that confuses the intended meaning. Option D introduces an unnecessary comma, which disrupts the flow and clarity of the sentence, making it less effective than option A.
Option A effectively combines the two sentences by clearly linking the poet's reluctance to the reason behind it, maintaining coherence and clarity. The phrase "the reason for that was because" emphasizes the connection between the two ideas. Option B, while concise, lacks the explicit connection that option A provides, making it less effective in conveying the relationship between the reluctance and the custom. Option C incorrectly begins with "Because," which disrupts the sentence structure and implies causation in a way that confuses the intended meaning. Option D introduces an unnecessary comma, which disrupts the flow and clarity of the sentence, making it less effective than option A.
In context, which of the following sentences would best be inserted between sentences 9 and 10 (reproduced below)?
They say we could save a great deal of energy by addressing the problem of food waste. The "sell by" dates on foods are typically very conservative and result in people throwing away perfectly edible items.
- A. Better labeling might help
- B. Many people regularly buy more food than they need.
- C. Certain types of produce spoil more quickly than others.
- D. Canned foods last much longer than fresh items
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
Option A effectively connects the idea of food waste with the potential solution of better labeling. Improved labeling can help consumers understand the actual freshness of products, reducing unnecessary waste. Option B, while relevant to food consumption, does not directly address the issue of food waste or how to mitigate it. Option C focuses on spoilage rates of produce, which, although informative, does not provide a solution to the waste problem. Option D compares canned and fresh foods but fails to connect to the overarching theme of improving food labeling to reduce waste.
Option A effectively connects the idea of food waste with the potential solution of better labeling. Improved labeling can help consumers understand the actual freshness of products, reducing unnecessary waste. Option B, while relevant to food consumption, does not directly address the issue of food waste or how to mitigate it. Option C focuses on spoilage rates of produce, which, although informative, does not provide a solution to the waste problem. Option D compares canned and fresh foods but fails to connect to the overarching theme of improving food labeling to reduce waste.
Which is the best version of the underlined portion of sentence 12 (reproduced below)? Mason's new study is one of many that are changing how scientists think about empathy and altruism, namely: that such characteristics are not limited to people, as they once thought.
- A. (as it is now)
- B. altruism: namely
- C. altruism, namely,
- D. altruism-namely,
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
Option C, "altruism, namely," correctly uses a comma before "namely" to set off the phrase that introduces an explanation or clarification. This punctuation aids in the clarity of the sentence, indicating that what follows elaborates on the previous statement. Option A, "as it is now," is incorrect because it does not provide the necessary clarification about altruism, failing to connect the ideas effectively. Option B, "altruism: namely," misuses the colon. A colon typically precedes a list or explanation but is not appropriate here as the phrase does not introduce a list. Option D, "altruism-namely," incorrectly uses a hyphen, which does not convey the intended pause or separation needed for clarity.
Option C, "altruism, namely," correctly uses a comma before "namely" to set off the phrase that introduces an explanation or clarification. This punctuation aids in the clarity of the sentence, indicating that what follows elaborates on the previous statement. Option A, "as it is now," is incorrect because it does not provide the necessary clarification about altruism, failing to connect the ideas effectively. Option B, "altruism: namely," misuses the colon. A colon typically precedes a list or explanation but is not appropriate here as the phrase does not introduce a list. Option D, "altruism-namely," incorrectly uses a hyphen, which does not convey the intended pause or separation needed for clarity.