Read the following early draft of an essay and then choose the best answer to the question or the best completion of the statement
Passage
(1) Calling someone a rat may be complimentary. (2) In one experiment, University of Chicago neuroscientist Peggy Mason placed 30 pairs of rats in pens. (3) One rat was caged in the middle of the pen, while the other was free to run around. (4) Eventually, 23 of 30 rats liberated their peers by pushing the cage door open with their heads or leaning against the door until it tipped over.
(5) In another experiment, Mason gave rats access to two cages: in one cage was another rat, in the other was a pile of chocolate chips. (6) The rats eating the chocolate themselves. (7) Instead, most of the rodents opened both cages and shared the sweets. (8) "In rat land, that is big." Mason says, claiming that this study is the first to show altruistic behavior in rodents.
(9) Not all scientists agree with the conclusion Mason drew from the experiment, however. (10) The jailbreaking rats might have only been trying to silence their cohorts' distressing alarm calls. (11) Mason counters that the alarm calls from the caged rats were not frequent enough to motivate their peers, but both parties are speculating at this point.
(12) Mason's new study is one of many that are changing how scientists think about empathy and altruism, namely: that such characteristics are not limited to people, as they once thought. (13) It now seems that many animals have evolved instincts to help others.
In context, how should the underlined part of sentence 6 (reproduced below) be revised? The rats eating the chocolate themselves.
- A. would have eaten
- B. could have eaten
- C. had eaten
- D. have eaten
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: D
The phrase "the rats eating the chocolate themselves" requires a revision to align with the present tense context of the sentence. Option D, "have eaten," effectively conveys a completed action relevant to the present, indicating that the rats have consumed the chocolate. Option A, "would have eaten," suggests a conditional scenario that does not fit the context. Option B, "could have eaten," implies potentiality rather than a completed action. Option C, "had eaten," indicates a past action that is no longer relevant to the present context. Thus, only option D maintains the intended meaning and tense consistency.
The phrase "the rats eating the chocolate themselves" requires a revision to align with the present tense context of the sentence. Option D, "have eaten," effectively conveys a completed action relevant to the present, indicating that the rats have consumed the chocolate. Option A, "would have eaten," suggests a conditional scenario that does not fit the context. Option B, "could have eaten," implies potentiality rather than a completed action. Option C, "had eaten," indicates a past action that is no longer relevant to the present context. Thus, only option D maintains the intended meaning and tense consistency.
Other Related Questions
Which sentence should be deleted because it contains irrelevant information?
- A. Sentence 1
- B. Sentence 6
- C. Sentence 9
- D. Sentence 11
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: D
Sentence 11 should be deleted as it introduces information that does not directly support the main topic of the paragraph. It diverges from the core argument, making it less relevant to the overall message. Sentence 1, 6, and 9, on the other hand, provide context or examples that enhance understanding of the main idea. Sentence 1 sets the stage, while sentences 6 and 9 contribute important details that are closely tied to the central theme. Removing sentence 11 helps maintain focus and clarity in the writing, ensuring that all remaining content is pertinent to the discussion.
Sentence 11 should be deleted as it introduces information that does not directly support the main topic of the paragraph. It diverges from the core argument, making it less relevant to the overall message. Sentence 1, 6, and 9, on the other hand, provide context or examples that enhance understanding of the main idea. Sentence 1 sets the stage, while sentences 6 and 9 contribute important details that are closely tied to the central theme. Removing sentence 11 helps maintain focus and clarity in the writing, ensuring that all remaining content is pertinent to the discussion.
Which is the best version of the underlined portion of sentence 6 (reproduced below)?
Early on for example my anxiety about getting lost was so bad that I was even scared to go for a walk or to take a bus or the subway.
- A. (as it is now)
- B. on for example,
- C. on, for example,
- D. on, for example
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
Option C, "on, for example," is the best choice because it correctly uses a comma to set off the phrase "for example," which introduces an illustrative clarification of the preceding idea. This punctuation enhances clarity and improves the flow of the sentence. Option A, "as it is now," lacks necessary punctuation and fails to clarify the relationship between ideas, making the sentence awkward and confusing. Option B, "on for example," omits the comma, which disrupts the sentence's readability and does not properly highlight the example being introduced. Option D, while similar to C, incorrectly uses "on," which is unnecessary in this context and can lead to confusion.
Option C, "on, for example," is the best choice because it correctly uses a comma to set off the phrase "for example," which introduces an illustrative clarification of the preceding idea. This punctuation enhances clarity and improves the flow of the sentence. Option A, "as it is now," lacks necessary punctuation and fails to clarify the relationship between ideas, making the sentence awkward and confusing. Option B, "on for example," omits the comma, which disrupts the sentence's readability and does not properly highlight the example being introduced. Option D, while similar to C, incorrectly uses "on," which is unnecessary in this context and can lead to confusion.
Where would the following sentence best fit in the passage? The results of two new experiments suggest that rats are surprisingly selfless.
- A. After sentence 1
- B. After sentence 3
- C. After sentence 8
- D. After sentence 11
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
Placing the sentence after sentence 8 effectively introduces the new findings about rats, enhancing the flow of information regarding their behavior. This position allows for a natural transition into discussing the implications of these experiments. Option A is too early in the passage, as it lacks context for the experiments. Option B, following sentence 3, interrupts the narrative progression and does not align with the preceding content. Option D, after sentence 11, is too late, as it would disrupt the conclusion by introducing new information that should precede it. Thus, option C is the most logical placement.
Placing the sentence after sentence 8 effectively introduces the new findings about rats, enhancing the flow of information regarding their behavior. This position allows for a natural transition into discussing the implications of these experiments. Option A is too early in the passage, as it lacks context for the experiments. Option B, following sentence 3, interrupts the narrative progression and does not align with the preceding content. Option D, after sentence 11, is too late, as it would disrupt the conclusion by introducing new information that should precede it. Thus, option C is the most logical placement.
Which is the best version of the underlined portion of sentence 12 (reproduced below)? Mason's new study is one of many that are changing how scientists think about empathy and altruism, namely: that such characteristics are not limited to people, as they once thought.
- A. (as it is now)
- B. altruism: namely
- C. altruism, namely,
- D. altruism-namely,
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
Option C, "altruism, namely," correctly uses a comma before "namely" to set off the phrase that introduces an explanation or clarification. This punctuation aids in the clarity of the sentence, indicating that what follows elaborates on the previous statement. Option A, "as it is now," is incorrect because it does not provide the necessary clarification about altruism, failing to connect the ideas effectively. Option B, "altruism: namely," misuses the colon. A colon typically precedes a list or explanation but is not appropriate here as the phrase does not introduce a list. Option D, "altruism-namely," incorrectly uses a hyphen, which does not convey the intended pause or separation needed for clarity.
Option C, "altruism, namely," correctly uses a comma before "namely" to set off the phrase that introduces an explanation or clarification. This punctuation aids in the clarity of the sentence, indicating that what follows elaborates on the previous statement. Option A, "as it is now," is incorrect because it does not provide the necessary clarification about altruism, failing to connect the ideas effectively. Option B, "altruism: namely," misuses the colon. A colon typically precedes a list or explanation but is not appropriate here as the phrase does not introduce a list. Option D, "altruism-namely," incorrectly uses a hyphen, which does not convey the intended pause or separation needed for clarity.